Conjunction

Conjunction

Conjunction (the conjunction) is said to connect words, phrases, or sentences, and so on, and not for purposes or other purposes.

Conjunctions are not associated with an object, does not explain the word conjunctions, conjunctions only connect words or sentences, and so on. Hence the same word can be a preposition in a single section, an adverb in another part, or conjunctions in the other anyway.

Preposition before

He arrived long before the time. He arrived long before the time

Adverb before

I have heard this before. I've heard this before

Conjunctions before

Please sign this letter before you go. Would you please sign this letter before you go

A. Coordinating conjunction

Coordinating conjunction connecting the sentences equal the one sentence that does not rely on other sentences. Equivalent sentences can be combined with four different ways and this led to four different types of coordinative conjunction as well.

1) Cumulative (cumulative): indicates the addition

AND = and

He did not write, and I did not feel at rest. He did not write, and I do not feel relieved

BOTH ... AND = and, also

He was both degraded and Expelled. He descended (from office) and issued

ALSO = also

He is honest, and you also. He was honest, and you also honest

AS WELL AS = and also

He as well as you is guilty. He and you are also guilty

NO LESS THAN = and at his level ...

He is no less guilty than you. He and you are both wrong

NOT ONLY ... BUT = no / not only ... but

NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO = no / not only ... but also

Not only I, but all the other men declare this to be true. Not only me, but everyone else declare this to be true

That man was not only Accused, but also convicted. He was not only indicted, but convicted

NOW = since

Now that I am older, I understand better. Since becoming increasingly older, the more I understand

The other is the cumulative conjunctions: again (after all), besides (in addition), further (later), furthermore (hereinafter, after all), likewise (like that anyway), moreover (lebihlebih again, after all), secondly (second) , and so forth.

2) Alternative: show options
Either ... or ... OR =
Either That boy sinned or his parents. The boy was innocent or her parents
Neither NOR = ... instead of ... or, not ... nor
He was an opium-smoker Neither nor a drunkard. He was not a junkie or a drunk
OR = or, if not
Do not approach a step nearer, or you will be killed. Do not move a step closer, if not you will be killed.
ELSE = otherwise
Run, else you'll be late. Run, otherwise you will be late
= Otherwise if no
You must take rest, otherwise you'll lose your health. You should rest, otherwise you will fall ill

3) Adversative: show contrast
BUT = but
He is poor, but honest. He was poor, but honest
STILL = but, but ... still
She is very rich, still she is not contented. He was very wealthy, but he was still not satisfied.
YET = but, even so
She is very rich, yet she is not contented. He is, but he was still not satisfied
NEVERTHELESS = but
He is clever man, he nevertheless Often makes mistakes. She is clever, but he often makes mistakes.
However = but
I'd like to go, however, I have not the time. I want to go, but I have not had time to.
WHEREAS =, while, conversely, when
Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. The wise man will love the truth, while conversely the ignorant mengelakkannya.
WHILE = while, though, while, when
While I like the color, I do not like the shape. Although I liked the color, I do not like the shape.
ONLY = only, unfortunately
The book is interesting, only too long. The book was interesting was just too long
Said the other adversative conjunction is notwithstanding (though), on the Contrary (reverse), on the other hand (vice versa) and so on.
4) Illative: show the conclusions
THEREFORE = therefore
He was out of health, and therefore he could not go to school. He was sick, therefore he can not go to school
SO = so
It is time to go, so let us start. It is time to go, so let's go
SO THEN = then
It is time to go, so then let us start. It is time to go, then let us go
THEN = then
If you do wrong, then you must admit it. If you do wrong, then you have to admit
FOR = because
It is going to rain, for the barometer is falling. It will be rainy days, because the barometer is pointing down.

The word Other illatif conjunctions are: accordingly (so, therefore, it is), consequently (therefore), Thus Spake (so, so), Hence (because it is, therefore, hence), wherefore (why), and so forth.

B. Subordinating conjunction
            Subordinate conjunctions connect sentences with the main clause. These conjunctions such as because, since, if and so on. Suordinating conjunction begins the clause, can not stand alone, meaning that depending on the principal sentence or main clause. Dependence ways (modes of dependence) of nine pieces:

1) Additional information (apposition) in the sense that only the preface / introduction:
independent clause, dependent clause
He made a promise, that he would return soon. He promised that he would be back soon
2) Cause or reason
We can do nothing, as he rufuses. We can not do anything, because he refused
3) result or effect
He ran so fast, that he made Himself tired. He ran so fast, so make him tired
4) The purpose or purposes
He ran fast, that he Might not be late. He ran fast, so it is not too late

5) Terms
I will go out tomorrow, if it is fine. Tomorrow I will go out, if either the air
6) Statement yield (concession) or contrast
He worked hard, even though he was tired. He worked hard even though he was tired He is an honest man, though / although he is poor. He is an honest man, though he is poor
7) Comparison
            a) The same level
The same properties were compared:
    * He is as clever as you. He is as smart as you
    * Different properties compared to:
    * She is as good as she is wise. The good nature with the nature of wisdom

            b) The level is not the same
The same properties were compared:
    * He is more clever than I am. He was smarter than me
    * Different properties compared to:
    * The sea is deeper than the mountains are high. The depth of the sea beyond the high mountains
Extent or manner
The business will Prosper, According as it is judiciously managed. This will be a prosperous business, depending on their management wisdom
9) Time
She called on her neighbor, as the clock struck six. He dropped to his neighbor's house, when the clock rang at six

Source : http://kanjengguru.blog.com/materi-grammar/kata-penghubung-conjunction/

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (SoftSkill)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.

Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:

Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional

Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya.

Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.

PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:

Direct : Indirect :
Now → Then
Today → That day
Tonight → That night
This week → That week
Yesterday → The day before
The day before yesterday → Two days before
Last night → The night before
Last week/year → The previous week/year
A year ago → A year before/The previous year
Three years ago → Three years before
Tomorrow → The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow → In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year → The following week/year
On Sunday → On Sunday
Here → There
This book → The book
This → That
These → Those
Over there → Over there
*etc.

PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Can → Could
May → Might
Might → Might
Must → Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.

Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.

Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:

1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”

He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.

He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

2. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.

Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”

Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.

Mixed type:

Contoh:

Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”

Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam

percakapan.

Direct and Indirect Speech – example -

Hadi said, “I’m happy now.”

Rini said that she was very tired.

Ita said to me, “Don’t use my car!”

Adi asked me, “What is your name?”

Adi asked me, “Are you sick?”

Ida said to me, “I don’t like you”

What do you want?’ she asked him.

Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.

He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’

Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.

Answers

Hadi said that he was happy then.

Rini said, “I’m very tired”

Ita told me not to use her car.

Adi asked me, what my name was.

Adi asked me if/whether I was sick.

Ida said to me that she didn’t like me.

She asked him what he wanted.

He asked me if I was coming/going with them.

He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.

The prince asked the girl if she came from China.

Sumber – Sumber :

1. http://triicecsfabregas.blogspot.com/2012/03/direct-and-indirect-speech.html

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE (SoftSklill)

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.

• I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):

• We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
• We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

• I like to fly kites for fun.

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".

kind of clause	common conjunctions	function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses	so...that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

Pengertian, Jenis dan Contoh Adverbial Clause

A. Pengertian Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause”
adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat),
clause adalah : anak kalimat.
Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Adverb clause adalah terdiri dari delapan macam: seperti: Adverb clause of time, Adverb clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of menner, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast.

B. Rumus umum dan contoh adverb clause.

Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.

Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.
Contoh:
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.
- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.

C. Jenis-Jenis Adverb Clause
1. Adverb Clause of Reanson
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebab atau alasan. Adverb clause of reason di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) adalah : as/ since/ because/ whereas/ on the ground that.

Example:
- Is I love you, I can do anything for you.
- Since she has a desire to marry, she discontinued her studing.
- I stopped the work because I was tired.
- Whereas I came late, My father punishet me.
- His teacher punishet him on the grand that, he came late.


2. Adverb Clause of Result
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan hasil perbuatan atau akibat. Adverb clause of result di awali dengan konjungsi so that, so + adjective + that, so + adverb + that, so.

Example:
- Nadhavi was so beautiful that I loved her at first sight.
- He studies so hard that many studienst like him.


3. Adverb Clause of Condition
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi. Adverb clause of condition di awali dengan konjungsi if/ unless/ whether/ provided that and so long as.

Example:
- If you help me, I shall be happy.
- Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know it
- You must do this wheter, you like it or not
- I ean help you provide that you must follow my advice
- So long as you work hard, you have no problem with me

4. Adverb Clause of Contrast

Adverb Clause of Contrast adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang menerangkan bertentangan. Adverb Clause of Contrast diawali dengan konjungsi: although, eventh ough, though, whet eyer, no matter, however much, not with standing that.
Example:
a. I still no money although I worked hard
b. Eventhough hehates me, he lend me the bock
c. Though he is rice, he never give me the money
d. Whatever he has done, he is your father
e. No mather what she sald, I still love her
f. She will never succed however much he may try
g. He was not refreshed not with standing that he had spent 2 weeks leave

Sumber – sumber :

1. http://kaulankarima.blogspot.com/2012/03/softskill-adverbial-clause.html