E-COMMERCE

DEFINISI E-COMMERCE

Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) adalah proses pembelian dan penjualan produk, jasa dan informasi yang dilakukan secara elektronik dengan memanfaatkan jaringan computer. E-commerce juga mengandung pengertian sebagai penyebaran, pemasaran jasa, melalui system elektronik seperti internet atau jaringan computer lainnya. E-commerce dapat melibatkan transfer dana elektronik,system manajemen inventory otomatis dan system pengumpulan data otomatis.

Sementara itu Kalakota dan Whinston mendefinisikan E-Commerce dari beberapa perspektif, yaitu:

1. Dari perspektif komunikasi, E-Commerce adalah pengiriman informasi, produk/jasa, atau pembayaran melalui jaringan telepon, atau jalur komunikasi lainnya;
2. Dari perspektif proses bisnis, E-Commerce adalah aplikasi teknologi menuju otomatisasi transaksi bisnis dan work flow;
3. Dari perspektif pelayanan, E-Commerce adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengurangi biaya dalam pemesanan dan pengiriman barang; dan
4. Dari perspektif online, E-Commerce menyediakan kemampuan untuk menjual dan membeli produk serta informasi melalui internet dan jaringan jasa online lainnya.

Selanjutnya Yuan Gao dalam Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology (2005), menyatakan E-Commerce adalah penggunaan jaringan komputer untuk melakukan komunikasi bisnis dan transksaksi komersial. Kemudian di website E-Commerce Net, E-Commerce didefinisikan sebagai kegiatan menjual barang dagangan dan/atau jasa melalui internet. Seluruh komponen yang terlibat dalam bisnis praktis diaplikasikan disini, seperti customer service, produk yang tersedia, cara pembayaran, jaminan atas produk yang dijual, cara promosi dan sebagainya.

Seluruh definisi yang dijelaskan di atas pada dasarnya memiliki kesamaan yang mencakup komponen transaksi (pembeli, penjual, barang, jasa dan informasi), subyek dan obyek yang terlibat, serta media yang digunakan (dalam hal ini adalah internet).

Perkembangan teknologi informasi terutama internet, merupakan faktor pendorong perkembangan e-commerce. Internet merupakan jaringan global yang menyatukan jaringan komputer di seluruh dunia, sehingga memungkinkan terjalinnya komunikasi dan interaksi antara satu dengan yang lain diseluruh dunia. Dengan menghubungkan jaringan komputer perusahaan dengan internet, perusahaan dapat menjalin hubungan bisnis dengan rekan bisnis atau konsumen secara lebih efisien. Sampai saat ini internet merupakan infrastruktur yang ideal untuk menjalankan e-commerce, sehingga istilah E-Commerce pun menjadi identik dengan menjalankan bisnis di internet.

Pertukaran informasi dalam E-Commerce dilakukan dalam format digital sehingga kebutuhan akan pengiriman data dalam bentuk cetak dapat dihilangkan. Dengan menggunakan sistem komputer yang saling terhubung melalui jaringan telekomunikasi, transaksi bisnis dapat dilakukan secara otomatis dan dalam waktu yang singkat. Akibatnya informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk keperluan transaksi bisnis tersedia pada saat diperlukan. Dengan melakukan bisnis secara elektronik, perusahaan dapat menekan biaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk keperluan pengiriman informasi. Proses transaksi yang berlangsung secara cepat juga mengakibatkan meningkatnya produktifitas perusahaan.

Dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi, E-Commerce dapat dijadikan sebagai solusi untuk membantu perusahaan dalam mengembangkan perusahaan dan menghadapi tekanan bisnis. Tingginya tekanan bisnis yang muncul akibat tingginya tingkat persaingan mengharuskan perusahaan untuk dapat memberikan respon. Penggunaan E-Commerce dapat meningkatkan efisiensi biaya dan produktifitas perusahaan, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan dalam bersaing.

Adapun proses yang terdapat dalam E-Commerce meliputi sebagai berikut :

1. Presentasi electronis (Pembuatan Website) untuk produk dan layanan.

2. Pemesanan secara langsung dan tersedianya tagihan.

3. Secara otomatis account pelanggan dapat secara aman (baik nomor rekening maupun

nomor kartu kredit).

4. Pembayaran yang dilakukan secara langsung (online) dan penanganan transaksi.

Adapun keuntungan yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan transaksi melalui E-Commerce bagi suatu perusahaan adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Meningkatkan pendapatan dengan menggunakan online channel yang biayanya lebih

murah.

2. Mengurangi biaya-biaya yang berhubungan dengan kertas, seperti biaya pos surat,

pencetakan, report, dan sebagainya.

3. Mengurangi keterlambatan dengan menggunakan transfer elektronik/pembayaran yang

tepat waktu dan dapat langsung dicek.

4. Mempercepat pelayanan ke pelanggan, dan pelayanan lebih responsif.

Contoh E-Commerce.

Banyak sekali yang dapat kita lakukan melalui E-Commerce yaitu :

1. Pembelian buku melalui online.

2. Pembelian elektronik melalui online.

3. Pembelian kendaraan melalui online.

4. Pembelian pakaian melalui online, dll.
Dampak Positif dan Negatif E-Commerce.

Didalam dunia E-Commerce pasti terdapat dampak positif dan negativenya.

Dampak positifnya, yaitu :

1. Revenue Stream (aliran pendapatan) baru yang mungkin lebih menjanjikan yang tidak bisa ditemui di sistem transaksi tradisional.

2. Dapat meningkatkan market exposure (pangsa pasar).

3. Menurunkan biaya operasional(operating cost).

4. Melebarkan jangkauan (global reach).

5. Meningkatkan customer loyality.

6. Meningkatkan supplier management.

7. Memperpendek waktu produksi.

8. Meningkatkan value chain (mata rantai pendapatan).

Dampak negativenya, yaitu :

1. Kehilangan segi finansial secara langsung karena kecurangan. Seorang penipu mentransfer uang dari rekening satu ke rekening lainnya atau dia telah mengganti semua data finansial

yang ada.

2. Pencurian informasi rahasia yang berharga. Gangguan yang timbul bisa menyingkap semua informasi rahasia tersebut kepada pihak-pihak yang tidak berhak dan dapat mengakibatkan kerugian yang besar bagi si korban.

3. Kehilangan kesempatan bisnis karena gangguan pelayanan. Kesalahan ini bersifat kesalahan non-teknis seperti aliran listrik tiba-tiba padam.

4. Penggunaan akses ke sumber oleh pihak yang tidak berhak. Misalkan seorang hacker yang berhasil membobol sebuah sistem perbankan. Setelah itu dia memindahkan sejumlah rekening orang lain ke rekeningnya sendiri.

5. Kehilangan kepercayaan dari para konsumen. Ini karena berbagai macam faktor seperti usaha yang dilakukan dengan sengaja oleh pihak lain yang berusaha menjatuhkan reputasi perusahaan tersebut.

6. Kerugian yang tidak terduga. Disebabkan oleh gangguan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja, ketidakjujuran, praktek bisnis yang tidak benar, kesalahan faktor manusia, kesalahan faktor manusia atau kesalahan sistem elektronik.

PELUANG E-COMMERS DI INDONESIA

Perkembangan e-commerce di Indonesia sendiri telah ada sejak tahun 1996, dengan berdirinya Dyviacom Intrabumi atau D-Net (www.dnet.net.id) sebagai perintis transaksi online. Wahana transaksi berupa mal online yang disebut D-Mall (diakses lewat D-Net) ini telah menampung sekitar 33 toko online/merchant. Produk yang dijual bermacam-macam, mulai dari makanan, aksesori, pakaian, produk perkantoran sampai furniture. Selain itu, berdiri pula http://www.ecommerce-indonesia.com/, tempat penjualan online berbasis internet yang memiliki fasilitas lengkap seperti adanya bagian depan toko (storefront) dan shopping cart (keranjang belanja). Selain itu, ada juga Commerce Net Indonesia – yang beralamat di http://isp.commerce.net.id/. Sebagai Commerce Service Provider (CSP) pertama di Indonesia, Commerce Net Indonesia menawarkan kemudahan dalam melakukan jual beli di internet. Commerce Net

Indonesia sendiri telah bekerjasama dengan lembaga-lembaga yang membutuhkan e-commerce, untuk melayani konsumen seperti PT Telkom dan Bank International Indonesia. Selain itu, terdapat pula tujuh situs yang menjadi anggota Commerce Net Indonesia, yaitu Plasa.com, Interactive Mall 2000, Officeland, Kompas Cyber Media, Mizan Online Telecommunication Mall dan Trikomsel.

Kehadiran e-commerce sebagai media transaksi baru ini tentunya menguntungkan banyak pihak, baik pihak konsumen, maupun pihak produsen dan penjual (retailer). Dengan menggunakan internet, proses perniagaan dapat dilakukan dengan menghemat biaya dan waktu.

Perkembangan e-Commerce di Indonesia pada tahun-tahun mendatang.

E-commerce sebetulnya dapat menjadi suatu bisnis yang menjanjikan di Indonesia. Hal ini tak lepas dari potensi berupa jumlah masyarakat yang besar dan adanya jarak fisik yang jauh sehingga e-commerce dapat dimanfaatkan dengan maksimal. Sayangnya, daya beli masyarakat yang masih rendah dan infrastruktur telekomunikasi yang tidak merata di daerah-daerah lainnya membuat e-commerce tidak begitu populer. Hal ini tak lepas dari jumlah pengguna internet di Indonesia yang hanya sekitar 8 juta orang dari 215 juta penduduk. Selain itu, e-commerce juga belum banyak dimanfaatkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan di Indonesia.

Meskipun relatif banyak perusahaan yang sudah memasang homepage, hanya sedikit yang memfungsikannya sebagai sarana perniagaan/perdagangan online. Sebagian besar homepage itu lebih difungsikan sebagai media informasi dan pengenalan produk. Menurut Adji Gunawan, Associate Partner dan Technology Competency Group Head Andersen Consulting, secara umum ada tiga tahapan menuju e-commerce, yakni: presence (kehadiran), interaktivitas dan transaksi. Saat ini, kebanyakan homepage yang dimiliki perusahaan Indonesia hanya mencapai tahap presence, belum pada tahap transaksi. Pada akhirnya, perkembangan teknologi dan peningkatan pengguna internet di Indonesia akan membuat e-commerce menjadi suatu bisnis yang menjanjikan. Referensi 

http://blog.ub.ac.id/yogaari/2010/03/09/definisi-e-commerce/

Noun Clause

Noun Clause

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as subject and object of the sentence.

Noun clauses can be initiated by:

    * Question word or relative pronoun question whether a single word or phrase:
          o Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
          o Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
          o Question word + infinitive.
    * Conjunction (i.e. whether and if).
    * That or the fact that.

So that the pattern of the noun clause is:

Question word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...
A. Noun Clauses beginning with the words Question

In How to Address Questions were discussed about the use of the word good in making the information asked questions as well as in making the embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section provided additional examples to refresh your memory.
A. Single question words.

Example:

   A. Where she is now is still unknown.
   2. They arrive when is still uncertain.
   3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Note: in this sentence, noun clause what you did last summer became the object of I know and I still know, and when combined with: two Hollywood movies are starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, a compound subject of the sentence.

Noun clauses can be placed at the beginning of a sentence (as subject) or as an object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentences into sentences, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slightly modified words. The above example becomes:

   1. It is still unknown where she is now.
   2. Do you know when They arrive?
   3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of movies, noun clause what you did last summer did not need to be rotated position.

Note:

a) clause is preceded by a question of certain words (ie when, Whenever, where) it can also function as an adverbial clause.

Example:

   A. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
   2. I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
   3. Suddenly I get nausea Whenever I see his face. (Nausea = nausea / vomiting want).

Another example can be read on the topic: Conjunctions.

b). Clause is preceded by a question of certain words (ie who, whom, Whose + noun) can also serve as an adjective clause. In this case, said the real question is the relative pronoun. Well, do not mess around with the term. What is important you understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if you are curious, please read the topic adjective clauses.

Example:

   A. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (I'm guessing you (people) that Mr. Dodi was looking for earlier).
   2. Mr. Dodi, Who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
   3. Rommy, Whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

So, how to distinguish whether it is the noun clause, the adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The answer is simple. Noun clauses can be replaced with the pronoun it, while the adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what and WHO / whom; adverbial clause to answer questions when, where, how (including how much, how Often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form of an adjective clause) described noun, and the relative pronounnya (ie who, that, ect.) In the Indonesian language means "the". Adverbial clauses are mentioned in the discussion of conjunctions. Especially for the differences in noun clause and adjective clause can be read on the topic: Differences Adjective Noun Clause and Clause.
2. Question words ever + / soever

Except how, at the end of question words can ever or soever be added Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, that it / was, living combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called transition words that mean yet / even if the case) are not included in this category.

Example:

   A. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).
   2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (Melt = melt). Be careful: guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = homosexual.
   3. She has Agreed to Wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to, etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has Agreed Wherever the man would bring her to.

3. Question words + nouns

Question words + nouns that are used among other things: what time (time), what day (any day), what time (time), what kind (kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

Example:

   A. I can not remember what day we will take the exam.
   2. As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from. (= Loyal faithful).
   3. Do you know what time it is?
   4. I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question words + adjectives

Question + words frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long), how far (how far), how old (how old / aged), ect.

Example:

   A. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
   2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
   3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5. Question words + determiners.

Question determiners + words frequently used are: how many (how many) and how much (how much). Remember: how many plural nouns followed by, while how much was followed by uncountable nouns.

Example:

   A. Is there any Correlation Between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
   2. How much will your English skills improv is determined by how hard you practice.

6. Question words + adverbs.

Question words + adverbs are often used is: how Often (how often), how many times (how many times) ect.

Example:

   A. No matter how Often I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my English is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; meaning another suck: sucking.
   2. I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (Leave school early = absent).

7. Question words + infinitives.

If the question was immediately followed by infinitives words, it implies invinitives should or can / could. Note that the subject after the question words omitted.

Example:

   A. She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He did not know what he should do).
   2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
   3. We have not Decided when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we should go to the beach.
   4. Marry of toll us where to find her = Mary of toll us where we Could find her.

B. Noun clauses beginning with whether / if

Whether could be followed by the OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the same, although OR / NOT is not mentioned (this depends on the context of the sentence). For use if, in addition to conjunctions discussed topic, the topic was also dealt with conditionals. Note: whether the same pronunciation with the weather (weather), his writing is also similar. Be careful, do not be confused.

Example:

   A. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (I'm not sure if he will come or not).
   2. We can not Decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not Decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after the whether.
   3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure if I should ngambil Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).
   4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.

C. Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact That

That means that here, while the fact That means the fact that. Meanwhile, that means that the adjective clauses.

Example:

   A. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of People that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
   2. It is the fact That the world is round = the fact That the world is round is well known.
   3. It was obvious she was very sick That = The fact she was very sick That was obvious.
   4. It seems a That it is going to rain soon.

Now let's make a sentence using the exercise:

   A. It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, Unlikely, a well known fact, my belief, etc) + (that / the fact that) + S + V.
   2. It stative + + (that / the fact that) + S + V. Words that include stative verbs can be seen on the topic of simple present tense.

Sources : http://swarabhaskara.com/parts-of-speech/noun-clauses/

Conjunction

Conjunction

Conjunction (the conjunction) is said to connect words, phrases, or sentences, and so on, and not for purposes or other purposes.

Conjunctions are not associated with an object, does not explain the word conjunctions, conjunctions only connect words or sentences, and so on. Hence the same word can be a preposition in a single section, an adverb in another part, or conjunctions in the other anyway.

Preposition before

He arrived long before the time. He arrived long before the time

Adverb before

I have heard this before. I've heard this before

Conjunctions before

Please sign this letter before you go. Would you please sign this letter before you go

A. Coordinating conjunction

Coordinating conjunction connecting the sentences equal the one sentence that does not rely on other sentences. Equivalent sentences can be combined with four different ways and this led to four different types of coordinative conjunction as well.

1) Cumulative (cumulative): indicates the addition

AND = and

He did not write, and I did not feel at rest. He did not write, and I do not feel relieved

BOTH ... AND = and, also

He was both degraded and Expelled. He descended (from office) and issued

ALSO = also

He is honest, and you also. He was honest, and you also honest

AS WELL AS = and also

He as well as you is guilty. He and you are also guilty

NO LESS THAN = and at his level ...

He is no less guilty than you. He and you are both wrong

NOT ONLY ... BUT = no / not only ... but

NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO = no / not only ... but also

Not only I, but all the other men declare this to be true. Not only me, but everyone else declare this to be true

That man was not only Accused, but also convicted. He was not only indicted, but convicted

NOW = since

Now that I am older, I understand better. Since becoming increasingly older, the more I understand

The other is the cumulative conjunctions: again (after all), besides (in addition), further (later), furthermore (hereinafter, after all), likewise (like that anyway), moreover (lebihlebih again, after all), secondly (second) , and so forth.

2) Alternative: show options
Either ... or ... OR =
Either That boy sinned or his parents. The boy was innocent or her parents
Neither NOR = ... instead of ... or, not ... nor
He was an opium-smoker Neither nor a drunkard. He was not a junkie or a drunk
OR = or, if not
Do not approach a step nearer, or you will be killed. Do not move a step closer, if not you will be killed.
ELSE = otherwise
Run, else you'll be late. Run, otherwise you will be late
= Otherwise if no
You must take rest, otherwise you'll lose your health. You should rest, otherwise you will fall ill

3) Adversative: show contrast
BUT = but
He is poor, but honest. He was poor, but honest
STILL = but, but ... still
She is very rich, still she is not contented. He was very wealthy, but he was still not satisfied.
YET = but, even so
She is very rich, yet she is not contented. He is, but he was still not satisfied
NEVERTHELESS = but
He is clever man, he nevertheless Often makes mistakes. She is clever, but he often makes mistakes.
However = but
I'd like to go, however, I have not the time. I want to go, but I have not had time to.
WHEREAS =, while, conversely, when
Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. The wise man will love the truth, while conversely the ignorant mengelakkannya.
WHILE = while, though, while, when
While I like the color, I do not like the shape. Although I liked the color, I do not like the shape.
ONLY = only, unfortunately
The book is interesting, only too long. The book was interesting was just too long
Said the other adversative conjunction is notwithstanding (though), on the Contrary (reverse), on the other hand (vice versa) and so on.
4) Illative: show the conclusions
THEREFORE = therefore
He was out of health, and therefore he could not go to school. He was sick, therefore he can not go to school
SO = so
It is time to go, so let us start. It is time to go, so let's go
SO THEN = then
It is time to go, so then let us start. It is time to go, then let us go
THEN = then
If you do wrong, then you must admit it. If you do wrong, then you have to admit
FOR = because
It is going to rain, for the barometer is falling. It will be rainy days, because the barometer is pointing down.

The word Other illatif conjunctions are: accordingly (so, therefore, it is), consequently (therefore), Thus Spake (so, so), Hence (because it is, therefore, hence), wherefore (why), and so forth.

B. Subordinating conjunction
            Subordinate conjunctions connect sentences with the main clause. These conjunctions such as because, since, if and so on. Suordinating conjunction begins the clause, can not stand alone, meaning that depending on the principal sentence or main clause. Dependence ways (modes of dependence) of nine pieces:

1) Additional information (apposition) in the sense that only the preface / introduction:
independent clause, dependent clause
He made a promise, that he would return soon. He promised that he would be back soon
2) Cause or reason
We can do nothing, as he rufuses. We can not do anything, because he refused
3) result or effect
He ran so fast, that he made Himself tired. He ran so fast, so make him tired
4) The purpose or purposes
He ran fast, that he Might not be late. He ran fast, so it is not too late

5) Terms
I will go out tomorrow, if it is fine. Tomorrow I will go out, if either the air
6) Statement yield (concession) or contrast
He worked hard, even though he was tired. He worked hard even though he was tired He is an honest man, though / although he is poor. He is an honest man, though he is poor
7) Comparison
            a) The same level
The same properties were compared:
    * He is as clever as you. He is as smart as you
    * Different properties compared to:
    * She is as good as she is wise. The good nature with the nature of wisdom

            b) The level is not the same
The same properties were compared:
    * He is more clever than I am. He was smarter than me
    * Different properties compared to:
    * The sea is deeper than the mountains are high. The depth of the sea beyond the high mountains
Extent or manner
The business will Prosper, According as it is judiciously managed. This will be a prosperous business, depending on their management wisdom
9) Time
She called on her neighbor, as the clock struck six. He dropped to his neighbor's house, when the clock rang at six

Source : http://kanjengguru.blog.com/materi-grammar/kata-penghubung-conjunction/

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (SoftSkill)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.

Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:

Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional

Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya.

Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.

PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:

Direct : Indirect :
Now → Then
Today → That day
Tonight → That night
This week → That week
Yesterday → The day before
The day before yesterday → Two days before
Last night → The night before
Last week/year → The previous week/year
A year ago → A year before/The previous year
Three years ago → Three years before
Tomorrow → The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow → In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year → The following week/year
On Sunday → On Sunday
Here → There
This book → The book
This → That
These → Those
Over there → Over there
*etc.

PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Can → Could
May → Might
Might → Might
Must → Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.

Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.

Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:

1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”

He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.

He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

2. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.

Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”

Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.

Mixed type:

Contoh:

Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”

Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam

percakapan.

Direct and Indirect Speech – example -

Hadi said, “I’m happy now.”

Rini said that she was very tired.

Ita said to me, “Don’t use my car!”

Adi asked me, “What is your name?”

Adi asked me, “Are you sick?”

Ida said to me, “I don’t like you”

What do you want?’ she asked him.

Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.

He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’

Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.

Answers

Hadi said that he was happy then.

Rini said, “I’m very tired”

Ita told me not to use her car.

Adi asked me, what my name was.

Adi asked me if/whether I was sick.

Ida said to me that she didn’t like me.

She asked him what he wanted.

He asked me if I was coming/going with them.

He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.

The prince asked the girl if she came from China.

Sumber – Sumber :

1. http://triicecsfabregas.blogspot.com/2012/03/direct-and-indirect-speech.html